Extra Question Chapter 1:Chemical Reaction And Equations
Extra Question II Chapter 1:Chemical Reaction And Equations
Extra Question Chapter 2:Acid Ans Base
Important Question Chapter 3:Metal and Non Metal
Chapter 4:Carbon And Its Compoundl
Chapter 5:Periodic Classification of elememt
Chapter 7:Control and coordination
Chapter 8:How Do Organisms Reproduce?
Chapter 9:Hearedity And Evolution
Chapter 10:Light Reflection and Refraction
Chapter 11:The Human Eye and Colorful World
Covalent bond.
Carbon can't form ionic bonds because it's difficult for it to gain or lose 4 electrons.
Catenation is the ability of an element to form chains or rings by bonding with atoms of the same element.
1. Catenation: Carbon has a unique ability to form long chains and rings of carbon atoms, a property known as catenation. This ability to form stable bonds with other carbon atoms is due to its small size and tetravalent nature. This leads to the formation of a large number of compounds with varying properties. 2. Tetravalency: Carbon has four electrons in its outermost shell, allowing it to form four strong covalent bonds with other atoms, including other carbon atoms and atoms of other elements like hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur. This allows it to form a wide variety of structures and compounds. 3. Ability to Form Multiple Types of Bonds: Carbon can form single, double, and triple bonds with other carbon atoms, leading to a wide variety of compounds with different properties. 4. Stability of Carbon-Carbon Bonds: Carbon-carbon bonds are very stable, which allows for the creation of large, complex molecules that are stable under a wide range of conditions. 5. Ability to Form Compounds with Different Functional Groups: Carbon can form compounds with different functional groups (like -OH, -COOH, -NH2, etc.), which drastically change the properties of the compounds. This results in an even greater variety of carbon compounds..
A hydrocarbon is an organic compound composed entirely of carbon and hydrogen.
Alkanes have single bonds between carbon atoms, alkenes have double bonds, and alkynes have triple bonds.
When methane burns in air, it produces carbon dioxide and water, releasing a large amount of heat and light.
A substitution reaction is a chemical reaction where an atom or a group of atoms in a molecule is replaced by another atom or group of atoms.
Ethanol is used in alcoholic beverages, as a solvent, and as a fuel in internal combustion engines.
When ethanoic acid reacts with ethanol in the presence of an acid catalyst, an ester (ethyl ethanoate) is formed.
Soaps and detergents clean by reducing the surface tension of water and binding with oil and dirt particles, which are then washed away with water.
Soaps are sodium or potassium salts of long-chain fatty acids, while detergents are usually sulphates or sulphonates..
Allotropes are different forms of the same element, differing in physical and sometimes chemical properties.
Two allotropes of carbon are diamond and graphite
A homologous series is a series of organic compounds with the same functional group and similar chemical properties, where each successive member differs by CH2.
One property of a homologous series is that all members of a series can be represented by the same general molecular formula.
A functional group is an atom or a group of atoms that determines the physical and chemical properties of the compound.
An example of a functional group is the hydroxyl group (-OH) found in alcohols.
The IUPAC name for CH3COOH is ethanoic acid.
The common name for CH3CH2OH is ethanol.
IUPAC stands for the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry.
Esterification is the reaction of an acid (usually a carboxylic acid) with an alcohol to produce an ester and water.
When ethanol reacts with ethanoic acid, the product is an ester known as ethyl ethanoate.
Saponification is the process of making soap by reacting fats or oils with an alkali (base).
One use of ethanol is as a solvent in the manufacture of medicines and paints.