Chapter 1:Chemical Reaction And Equations
Chapter 2:Acids, Bases and Salts
Chapter 3:Metals and Non-metals
Chapter 4:Carbon and Its Compounds
Chapter 5: Periodic Classification of Elements
Chapter 10: Light Reflection and Refraction
Chapter 11:Human Eye and Colourful World
The wast meterial produced by the various activityies of human and animal are poisonous to some extend and can be divided two main groups
i) Biodegradable Wastes
ii)Non-Biodegradable Wastes
Biodegradable Wastes:
Substances that are broken down by biological processes are said
to be biodegradable.
Non-Biodegradable Wastes:
Substances that are not broken down in this manner
are said to be non-biodegradable. These substances may be inert and
simply persist in the environment for a long time or may harm the various
members of the eco-system
ECO-SYSTEM:
All organisms such as plants, animals, microorganisms and human
beings interact with each other
and maintain a balance in nature. All the interacting organisms in an
area together with the non-living constituents of the environment form
an ecosystem.
Component of eco-systems :
i)Biotic component
ii) Abiotic Component
i)Biotic component :
Living organisms of the environment like the human ,plants, animals, microbes, and fungi
It includes three types of organisms
i) Producers
ii) Consumers
iii) Decomposers:
Producers :
The autotrophs organism are also called producers because they can produce their food from inorganic substance using light energy called Photosynthesis.for example plant blue green algae
Consumers :
These organisms which consume the food produced,
either directly from producers or indirectly by feeding on other consumers
are the consumers.
The consumers can be classified into the following types :
i)Herbivores
ii)Carnivores
iii)Omnivores
Herbivores :hese are organisms which get their food by eating the green plant only . ex- rabbit, goats
Omnivores :The organisms who eat both plants and animals are called omnivores ex-human
Carnivores: :hese are organisms which consume other animals.ex-tiger, lion,
Decomposers: :Decomposers break down the organic matter or waste material and release nutrients into the soil. For example, bacteria, worms, slugs, and snails.
Planktons are very minute or microscopic organisms freely floating on the surface of water in a pond, lake, river or ocean. Planktons are of two types : Phytoplanktons and Zooplanktons.
phytoplanktons. :The microscopic aquatic plants freely floating on the surface of water are called phytoplanktons.
zooplanktons:The microscopic aquatic animals freely floating on water are called zooplanktons. The freely floating protozoa are an example of zooplankton
Abiotic Components: :These are non-living components of an ecosystem like water rock etc
Food web :Each organism is generally eaten by two or more other kinds of organisms which in turn this series of branching lines called a food web Food Chain :The sequence of living organisms in a community in which one organism consumes another organism to transfer food energy, is called a food chain.
Trophic level :Each step or level of the food chain forms a trophic level
i)The autotrophs or the producers are at the first trophic level.
ii)The herbivores or the primary
consumers come at the second
iii)small carnivores or the
secondary consumers at the third
iv)the tertiary consumers form the fourth trophic level
Ozone Layer and How it is Getting Depleted :
Ozone (O3) is a molecule formed by three atoms of oxygen. While O2,
which we normally refer to as oxygen, is essential for all aerobic forms of
life. Ozone, is a deadly poison. However, at the higher levels of the
atmosphere, ozone performs an essential function. It shields the surface
of the earth from ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the Sun. This radiation
is highly damaging to organisms, for example, it is known to cause skin
cancer in human beings
ii) Ozone at the higher levels of the atmosphere is a product of UV
radiation acting on oxygen (O2) molecule. The higher energy UV
radiations split apart some moleculer oxygen (O2) into free oxygen (O)
atoms
The amount of ozone in the atmosphere began to drop sharply due use of
chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
Managing the Garbage :The disposal of waste should be done in a scientific way. The method to be used depends on the nature of the waste. Some of the important modes of waste disposal are :
i)Segregation of waste
ii) Collection
iii) Transport
iv) Treatment
v) Processing & Recycling
vi) Disposal
Chapter 1:Chemical Reaction And Equations
Chapter 2:Acids, Bases and Salts
Chapter 3:Metals and Non-metals
Chapter 4:Carbon and Its Compounds
Chapter 5: Periodic Classification of Elements
Chapter 10: Light Reflection and Refraction
Chapter 11:Human Eye and Colourful World