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Chapter 1:Chemical Reaction And Equations

Chapter 2:Acids, Bases and Salts

Chapter 3:Metals and Non-metals

Chapter 4:Carbon and Its Compounds

Chapter 5: Periodic Classification of Elements

Chapter 6: Life Processes

Chapter 10: Light Reflection and Refraction

Chapter 11:Human Eye and Colourful World

Chapter 12:Electricity

Chapter 13:Magnetic Effects of Electric Current

Chapter 14:Sources of Energy

Chapter 15:Our Environment

Chapter 16:Sustainable Management of Natural Resources

Our environment class 10 notes chapter 15

The wast meterial produced by the various activityies of human and animal are poisonous to some extend and can be divided two main groups
i) Biodegradable Wastes
ii)Non-Biodegradable Wastes

Biodegradable Wastes:
Substances that are broken down by biological processes are said to be biodegradable.

Non-Biodegradable Wastes:
Substances that are not broken down in this manner are said to be non-biodegradable. These substances may be inert and simply persist in the environment for a long time or may harm the various members of the eco-system

ECO-SYSTEM:
All organisms such as plants, animals, microorganisms and human beings interact with each other and maintain a balance in nature. All the interacting organisms in an area together with the non-living constituents of the environment form an ecosystem.

Component of eco-systems :
i)Biotic component
ii) Abiotic Component

i)Biotic component :
Living organisms of the environment like the human ,plants, animals, microbes, and fungi
It includes three types of organisms
i) Producers
ii) Consumers
iii) Decomposers:

Producers :
The autotrophs organism are also called producers because they can produce their food from inorganic substance using light energy called Photosynthesis.for example plant blue green algae

Consumers :
These organisms which consume the food produced, either directly from producers or indirectly by feeding on other consumers are the consumers.
The consumers can be classified into the following types :
i)Herbivores
ii)Carnivores
iii)Omnivores

Herbivores :hese are organisms which get their food by eating the green plant only . ex- rabbit, goats

Omnivores :The organisms who eat both plants and animals are called omnivores ex-human

Carnivores: :hese are organisms which consume other animals.ex-tiger, lion,

Decomposers: :Decomposers break down the organic matter or waste material and release nutrients into the soil. For example, bacteria, worms, slugs, and snails.

Planktons are very minute or microscopic organisms freely floating on the surface of water in a pond, lake, river or ocean. Planktons are of two types : Phytoplanktons and Zooplanktons.

phytoplanktons. :The microscopic aquatic plants freely floating on the surface of water are called phytoplanktons.

zooplanktons:The microscopic aquatic animals freely floating on water are called zooplanktons. The freely floating protozoa are an example of zooplankton

Abiotic Components: :These are non-living components of an ecosystem like water rock etc

Food web :Each organism is generally eaten by two or more other kinds of organisms which in turn this series of branching lines called a food web


Food Chain :The sequence of living organisms in a community in which one organism consumes another organism to transfer food energy, is called a food chain.


Trophic level :Each step or level of the food chain forms a trophic level
i)The autotrophs or the producers are at the first trophic level.
ii)The herbivores or the primary consumers come at the second
iii)small carnivores or the secondary consumers at the third
iv)the tertiary consumers form the fourth trophic level

a) Pyramid of numbers: gives the number of organisms present at each trophic level. It can be upright or inverted.
b) Pyramid of biomass: gives the biomass of each trophic levels and could be upright or inverted.
c) Pyramid of energy: is always upright as it shows the flow of energy from one trophic level to the next trophic level



Energy flow: Transfer of energy from one trophic level to another depicting its direction and amount

Ozone Layer and How it is Getting Depleted :
Ozone (O3) is a molecule formed by three atoms of oxygen. While O2, which we normally refer to as oxygen, is essential for all aerobic forms of life. Ozone, is a deadly poison. However, at the higher levels of the atmosphere, ozone performs an essential function. It shields the surface of the earth from ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the Sun. This radiation is highly damaging to organisms, for example, it is known to cause skin cancer in human beings

ii) Ozone at the higher levels of the atmosphere is a product of UV radiation acting on oxygen (O2) molecule. The higher energy UV radiations split apart some moleculer oxygen (O2) into free oxygen (O) atoms
The amount of ozone in the atmosphere began to drop sharply due use of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)

Managing the Garbage :The disposal of waste should be done in a scientific way. The method to be used depends on the nature of the waste. Some of the important modes of waste disposal are :
i)Segregation of waste
ii) Collection
iii) Transport
iv) Treatment
v) Processing & Recycling
vi) Disposal